So what is the “nuclear option’?
In order for Senators to override a filibuster – which is extended floor debate in order to block a nominee — normally they must have a supermajority of 60 votes. If they don’t have the votes, Democrats (who are in the minority) could drag on floor debate for days and days to stall a vote on a nominee like Gorsuch. However, since Republicans instituted the “nuclear option,” they can now override the filibuster rule by instituting new rules that would simply require a majority of 51 votes to end the filibuster instead of 60. The option is controversial because it does away with decades of tradition in which the Senate gave some power to the minority.
As far as we could research, the nuclear option was first explored in depth in a 2004 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, “The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster,” by Martin Gold and Dimple Gupta.
According to the experts, here is how the option works:
First, a Senator would raise a point of order to close debate. For example, a Senator could state, “Debate on this matter having proceeded for ‘x’ hours, I make the point of order that any further debate is dilatory and not in order.” Under Senate Rule XX, points of order not referred to the Senate are not debatable except at the sufferance of the Presiding Officer, although debate may generally be had on appeals. If the Presiding Officer sustained the point of order, he would set a new, binding Senate precedent allowing Senators to cut off debate. That, however, would not end the matter. The minority could (and likely would) appeal the Presiding Officer’s ruling. In a final step, the majority could move to table the appeal. The tabling motion would be non-debatable and subject to immediate vote. If a simple majority voted to table the appeal, the Senate would affirm the Presiding Officer’s ruling and thus allow Senators to cut off debate under the terms of the point of order.
Defenders of the option believe that it has a basis in the Constitution. The theory is this: the Constitution says that the Senate must give “advice and consent” on judges (Article II, Section 2, paragraph 2). However, the founders knew how to impose a supermajority if they really wanted to. They decided not to make this a requirement for judges. So therefore, filibusters are “an abuse of the Senate’s function” under the Constitution to give advise and consent.
On top of that, the Constitution puts the power of the Senate rules in the hands of the Senators. That means they are in charge of what the rules are and can change them if they want. “Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,” according to Article 1, Section 5.
Has it ever been done?
Yes, on November 21, 2013, Senator Harry Reid imposed the “nuclear option” to eliminate filibusters for President Barack Obama’s nominees, except for the Supreme Court. “Now, a president whose party holds the majority in the Senate is virtually assured of having his nominees approved, with far less opportunity for political obstruction,” The Washington Post reported following the move.
At the time, Senator Mitch McConnell said, “It’s a sad day in the history of the Senate.” He also called it a “democratic power grab.”
“Democrats won’t be in power in perpetuity,” said Sen. Richard C. Shelby (R-Ala.) said back in 2013. “This is a mistake — a big one for the long run. Maybe not for the short run. Short-term gains, but I think it changes the Senate tremendously in a bad way.” Ironic to say the least.